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The Penman equation describes evaporation (''E'') from an open water surface, and was developed by Howard Penman in 1948. Penman's equation requires daily mean temperature, wind speed, air pressure, and solar radiation to predict E. Simpler Hydrometeorological equations continue to be used where obtaining such data is impractical, to give comparable results within specific contexts, e.g. humid vs arid climates. ==Details== Numerous variations of the Penman equation are used to estimate evaporation from water, and land. Specifically the Penman-Monteith equation refines weather based potential evapotranspiration (PET) estimates of vegetated land areas. It is widely regarded as one of the most accurate models, in terms of estimates. The original equation was developed by Howard Penman at the Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, UK. The equation for evaporation given by Penman is: : where: :''m'' = Slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve (Pa K−1) :''R''n = Net irradiance (W m−2) :''ρ''a = density of air (kg m−3) :''c''p = heat capacity of air (J kg−1 K−1) :''g''a = momentum surface aerodynamic conductance (m s−1) :δ''e'' = vapor pressure deficit (Pa) :''λ''v = latent heat of vaporization (J kg−1) :''γ'' = psychrometric constant (Pa K−1) which (if the SI units in parentheses are used) will give the evaporation ''E''mass in units of kg/(m²·s), kilograms of water evaporated every second for each square meter of area. Remove λ to obviate that this is fundamentally an energy balance. Replace ''λ''v with L to get familiar precipitation units ''ET''vol, where ''L''v=''λ''v''ρ''water. This has units of m/s, or more commonly mm/day, because it is flux m3/s per m2=m/s. This equation assumes a daily time step so that net heat exchange with the ground is insignificant, and a unit area surrounded by similar open water or vegetation so that net heat & vapor exchange with the surrounding area cancels out. Some times people replace ''R''n with and ''A'' for total net available energy when a situation warrants account of additional heat fluxes. temperature, wind speed, relative humidity impact the values of ''m'', ''g'', ''c''p, ''ρ'', and δ''e''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Penman equation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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